The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6
IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition
Copyright © 2001-2004 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.

#### NAME

> cproj, cprojf, cprojl - complex projection functions

#### SYNOPSIS

> ``#include <complex.h>
> double complex cproj(double complex` z`);
> float complex cprojf(float complex` z`);
> long double complex cprojl(long double complex` z`);
> ``

#### DESCRIPTION

> [CX] The functionality described on this reference page is aligned with the ISO C standard. Any conflict between the requirements described here and the ISO C standard is unintentional. This volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 defers to the ISO C standard.

> These functions shall compute a projection of z onto the Riemann sphere: z projects to z, except that all complex infinities (even those with one infinite part and one NaN part) project to positive infinity on the real axis. If z has an infinite part, then cproj( z) shall be equivalent to:

>     INFINITY + I * copysign(0.0, cimag(z))

#### RETURN VALUE

> These functions shall return the value of the projection onto the Riemann sphere.

#### ERRORS

> No errors are defined.

The following sections are informative.

#### EXAMPLES

> None.

#### APPLICATION USAGE

> None.

#### RATIONALE

> Two topologies are commonly used in complex mathematics: the complex plane with its continuum of infinities, and the Riemann sphere with its single infinity. The complex plane is better suited for transcendental functions, the Riemann sphere for algebraic functions. The complex types with their multiplicity of infinities provide a useful (though imperfect) model for the complex plane. The cproj() function helps model the Riemann sphere by mapping all infinities to one, and should be used just before any operation, especially comparisons, that might give spurious results for any of the other infinities. Note that a complex value with one infinite part and one NaN part is regarded as an infinity, not a NaN, because if one part is infinite, the complex value is infinite independent of the value of the other part. For the same reason, cabs() returns an infinity if its argument has an infinite part and a NaN part.

#### FUTURE DIRECTIONS

> None.

#### SEE ALSO

> carg(), cimag(), conj(), creal(), the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, <complex.h>

#### CHANGE HISTORY

> First released in Issue 6. Derived from the ISO/IEC 9899:1999 standard.

End of informative text.

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